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History |
Representatives of India, Sir Muhammad Shafi and G.S. Bajpai hold informal talks with Prime Minister, General J.B.M. Hertzog.
1931
The Non-European Conference is held.
1931
Establishment of the Women's section of the Communist Party, as a result of issues such as beer-brewing and food prices.
Fifteen-year old Sarah Rubin, later Carneson, whose parents were founder members of SACP, joins the Young Communist League
1931
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Asiatic Immigration Amendment Act
Indians have to prove the legitimacy of their domicile in the country.
1931
Cracks within the African National Congress (ANC) appear and the organisation fails to organise its structures.
Vus'umuzi Make is born.
Abednego Bhekabantu Ngcobo is born in Natal.
1931
Motherwell, a Scottish professional side, tours South Africa (and again in 1934).
1931
January
Third Non-European Conference, in Bloemfontein, votes to send deputation to Europe.
1931
28 January
The Government of India formally requests the South African Government to postpone the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Bill pending negotiations between the two Governments concerning a second round-table conference.
1931
19 April
Kobie Coetsee is born in Ladybrand in the Orange Free State.
1931
6 May
The Minister of the Interior, Dr D.F. Malan, announces the postponement of the second reading of the Bill and a tentative date is set for the Second Round-table Conference in December.
1931
July
Abantu-Batho (The People) ceases publication as an African National Congress organ.
1931
December
Communist-sponsored pass-burning campaigns culminating in disturbances in Durban.
1931
31 December
Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe is born near Dundee in northern KwaZulu-Natal.
1932
Pixley Seme outlines his reform scheme, desperately seeking to improve the financial matters of the congress.
1932
The Supreme Court removes Pixley Semes name from the Roll of attorneys.
1932
Hilda Bernstein becomes a member of the South African Labour Party League of Youth.
1932
Anti-Indian Legislation: Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure (Amendment) Act 35/1932
The Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act and its subsequent amendments in 1934, 1935 and 1937 establish statutory segregation of Indians in the Transvaal end the state of uncertainty about their status in the Province that has obtained since the passing of Law 3, 1885. It is passed in 1935.
1932
Epainette Moerane (Ma Mofokeng Clan Name) Meets Govan Mbeki at Taylor Street Secondary School.
1932
The Native service contracts increased penalties for law breakers and tightens restrictions on movement by African labourers outside the reserves.
Yusuf Dadoo attends the South African Indian Congress meeting where the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act is discussed. He is convinced that the South African Indian Congress could only advance in their struggle if they cooperate with national organisations representing African and Coloured people.
Sheena Duncan is born in Johannesburg.
Louis Luyt is born.
Florence Mkhize is born in Natal.
Bernard Ncube is born in Johannesburg.
Sydney Shall is born.
Aidan Walsh is born.
Mandlenkosi Zondi is born.
1932
The South African African Football Association (SAAFA) is formed and it launches the Bakers Cup national tournament.
1932
4 January
A delegation of the Government of India arrives in South Africa for the second round-table conference with representatives of the South African Government. The delegation is led by Sir Fazli Hussein and the other members are V.S.S. Sastri, Sarojini Naidu, Sir Geoffrey Corbett, Sir d'Arcy Lindsay, Sir Kurma Reddi and G.S. Bajpai (Secretary).
1932
12 January
The Second Round-table Conference between the Governments of India and South Africa opens in Cape Town. The South African delegation is led by the Minister of the Interior, Dr D.F. Malan, and includes the Minister of Land, Oswald Pirow, the Minister of Native Affairs, E.G. Jansen, and Patrick Duncan and G.H. Nicholls as representatives of the opposition South African Party.
1932
12 January - 4 February
During the Second Round-table Conference between the Governments of India and South Africa, the South African Minister of the Interior, Dr D.F. Malan, indicates the failure of Cape Town Agreement with regards to the repatriation of Indians and introduces the Colonisation (Emigration) Scheme. In terms of this scheme, a Committee will be appointed to investigate possible outlets or areas abroad, to which South African Indians can be relocated. Malan also produces a signed document by South African Indian leaders, including Advocate Albert Christopher, P.R. Pather and Manilal Gandhi, in which cooperation in a colonising scheme is offered. This issue would later lead to a split in the South African Indian Community with the formation of the Colonial Born and Indian Settlers Association.
1932
4 February
The Second Round-table Conference between the Governments of India and South Africa ends in Cape Town without any decisions or agreements on the contentious Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Bill of 1930.
1932
March
Start of publication of Bantu World, European-sponsored African newspaper.
Native Service Contract Act.
Report of the Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem.
1932
5 April
The Report on the Second Round-table Conference between the Governments of India and South Africa is released. Indian leaders in South Africa express their disappointment with the results of the Conference and its emphasis on the Scheme of Assisted Emigration.
1932
18 April
The Minister of the Interior, Dr D.F. Malan, requests the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) to nominate a representative of the South African Indian community to the Colonisation Enquiry Committee.
1932
25 April
Frene Noshir Ginwala is born.
1932
June
Attempt to apply curfew regulations to African women in the Transvaal sparks discussions of passive resistance against passes.
1932
June
The Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure (Amendment) Act, Act No. 35 of 1932 becomes law. The Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act and its subsequent amendments in 1934, 1935 and 1937 establish the statutory segregation of Indians in the Transvaal and end the state of uncertainty about their status in the Province that has existed since the passing of Law 3 of 1885.
1932
3 August
Sir Kunwar Maharaj Singh arrives in South Africa as the successor to Sir Kurma Reddi as Agent for the Government of India in South Africa. The Indian Government places the Agent at the disposal of the proposed Colonisation Enquiry Committee.
1932
3 August
The South African Indian Congress convenes a conference in Johannesburg. The Conference adopts a resolution in which it agrees to co-operate with the Indian and South African Governments to find good opportunities for Indians in other countries in terms of the proposed Assisted Emigration Scheme. However, the Conference stresses that this decision is neither an admission that Indians are undesirables nor an acceptance of attempts to reduce the South African Indian population.
1932
14 August
The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) holds a mass meeting, attended by one thousand people, to respond to the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act. After an emotional appeal by Thambi Naidoo, the meeting resolves to appoint a committee to organize resistance to the Act.
1932
14 August
The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) holds a mass meeting, attended by one thousand people, to respond to the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act. After an emotional appeal by Thambi Naidoo, the meeting resolves to appoint a committee to organize resistance to the Act.
1932
27 August
The twelfth annual conference of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) is held in Johannesburg. The SAIC President, Sorabjee Rustomjee, supports the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) decision to resist the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act.
1932
4 October
The Feetham Commission, led by Mr Justice Feetham, is appointed to enquire into the occupation of proclaimed land in the Transvaal by Coloured persons and to compile a register of persons in legal/ illegal occupation. The Agent-General of India, Kunwar Sir Maharaj Singh, appeals to the Commission on behalf of South African Indians. The Commission is boycotted by the Transvaal and South African Indian Congresses (TIC and SAIC).
1933 - 1938
The ANC goes through a sharp decline
1933
Pixley Seme uses the votes of women to ensure his reelection as president of the African National Congress.
1933
Albert Luthuli becomes President of the African Teachers Association.
1933
General Barry Hertzog and Jan Smuts form a coalition government.
Farid Ahmed Adams is born in India.
Dennis Goldberg is born in Cape Town.
Tennyson Xola Makiwane is born in the Transkei.
Eric Ngcobo is born near Melmoth, Zululand.
1933
The South African Bantu Football Association (SABFA) and the South African Coloured Football Association (SACFA) are formed.
1933
March
General Hertzog invites General Smuts to form coalition government.
1933
29 March
Stanley Mogoba is born in Ga-Mphahlele, Polokwane.
1933
May
National elections. Coalition parties win overwhelming parliamentary majority. Fusion government formed with General Hertzog as prime minister and General Smuts as deputy prime minister.
General Hertzog and General Smuts joined to form the United Party. A small number of Nationalists, under Dr. Malan, retained the Nationalist Party.
1933
16 June
The new Minister of the Interior in the Coalition Government, J.H. Hofmeyr, appoints the Indian Colonisation Enquiry Committee and announces the Committee's terms of reference and composition. Known as the Young Committee after its Chairman, James Young, its other members are G. Heaton Nicholls, P.K. Kincaid and a nominee of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC).
1933
9 July
The Executive of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) meets in Durban and appoints S.R. Naidoo as the SAIC's nominee to the Young Committee. Albert Christopher, Manilal Gandhi and P.R. Pather, arguing for non-cooperation with the Committee, strongly condemn the appointment.
1933
23 July
Twenty-two leading Indian leaders, including Manilal Gandhi, Albert Christopher and P.R. Pather, calls for a mass meeting to protest the decision of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) to cooperate with the Young Committee.
1933
28 July
The Young Commission, charged with investigating possible outlets or areas abroad to which South African Indians can be relocated, begins its work.
1933
August
Albert Christopher, Manilal Gandhi, S.L. Singh and P.R. Pather form the Colonial Born and Settlers Indian Association (CBSIA). Christopher becomes President; Manilal Gandhi, Vice-President; S.L. Singh and A. Haffejee secretaries; and K.K. Pillay and P.G. Naicker (father of Dr. G.M. Naicker) treasurers. The formation of the CBSIA is essentially in protest against the cooperation of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) and the Government of India with the Young Committee.
1933
19 August - 20 August
The South African Indian Congress (SAIC) holds an Emergency Conference in Johannesburg. The Conference, opened by the Indian Agent-General, Kunwar Maharaj Singh, sanctions a policy of cooperation with the Young Committee and confirms the nomination of S. R. Naidoo to the Committee. Manilal Gandhi, Albert Christopher and Transvaal Indian Congress delegates C.K.T. Naidoo, B.L.E. Sigamoney, P.S. Joshi, E. Mall and S.B. Medh oppose the SAIC line.
1933
24 August
A meeting of the Colonial Born and Indian Settlers Association (CBSIA) at the Durban City Hall is attended by Sir Kunwar Maharaj Singh, the Indian Agent in South Africa, and his wife. Lady Maharaj Singh brings the rowdy meeting to order.
1933
September
Members of the Colonial Born and Indian Settlers Association's (CBSIA) Pietermaritzburg branch, armed with knives, knuckledusters, bicycle chains and iron rods, disrupt a meeting in the Pietermaritzburg City Hall and the police is called in.
1933
23 September
A. Christopher and P.R. Pather address meetings in Pretoria and Johannesburg. These meetings are disrupted by Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) supporters of S.M. Nana.
1933
31 December
The first provincial conference of the Colonial Born and Indian Settlers Association (CBSIA) is held in Durban.
1934
The Slums Act is passed.
1934
The Feetham Commission is set up
1934
Eighteen year old Sarah Carneson joins the SACP. She teaches workers to read and write at the SACP's night school.
1934
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Slums Act
This Act is aimed at improving conditions in locations, but actually expropriates Indian property.
1934
The fusion of South African Party (SAP) and National Party (NP) results in the formation of the United Party (UP) with General Barry Hertzog as its leader.
The Slums Act is passed.This Act enforces the demolition of slums and expropriates with the ultimate aim of segregation.
Nomzamo Zaniewe Winnifred Mandela is born at Bizana in Pondoland, Transkei.
Esther Susanna Mentz travels to Germany to study music and acting.
Moosa (Mosie) Mohammed Moolla is born.
Francis William Reitz dies.
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi is born.
1934
Motherwell, a Scottish professional side, tours South Africa for a second time, after an earlier visit in 1931.
1934
9 January
The South African Indian Congress presents a statement to the Young Committee, requesting full citizenship rights for Indians in South Africa.
1934
7 February
The Young Committee, charged with investigating possible outlets or areas abroad to which South African Indians can be relocated, completes its work.
1934
16 February
The British Indian Union of East London dissolves and forms the Colonial Born and Indian Settlers Association (CBSIA)(East London).
1934
26 February
The Young Committee publishes its recommendations on the proposed Indian Assisted Emigration Scheme. The Committee identifies British North Borneo, British New Guinea and British Guiana as suitable for Indian colonisation. However, the Committee's findings are not not taken seriously and the Committee expires. Though a few Indians do emigrate, Scheme of Assisted Emigration continues, until suspended during WWII.
1934
8 May
Sibusiso Bengu is born.
1934
July
'Purified' Nationalist Party formed under leadership of Daniel Malan.
1934
8 October
Kader Asmal is born in Stanger, KwaZulu-Natal.
1934
28 November
Bertha (Mashaba) Gxowa is born in Germiston.
1934
December
United Party formed by majority of supporters of Nationalist Party and South Africa Party. General Hertzog is leader; General Smuts deputy.
1935
The National Liberation League for Equality, Land and Freedom launched with Mrs. Zaibunnissa (Cissy) Gool as president and James la Guma as general secretary. Its foundation conference adopts a programme and constitution pledged to 'unite all individuals, organisations and other bodies in agreement with the programme of the League to struggle for complete social, political and economic equality of Non-Europeans in South Africa', reflecting the need for unity against the white minority.
1935
The National Council for African Women founded at the All African Convention with Charlotte Maxeke as president. This organisation is concerned with women's welfare and members are usually teachers and nurses.
1935
The first group of Indian girls matriculate in South Africa
1935
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Rural Dealers Licensing Ordinance, Natal.
This Ordinance causes the refusal of licenses to people whose properties have depreciated in value or whose licenses endangers the comfort and health of neighbours.
1935
Albert Luthuli is elected Chief by the people of Groutville Mission Reserve, and he subsequently leaves Adams College.
1935
A Native's Representative Council (NRC) is created
Satyandranath (Mac) Maharaj is born.
Lionel E. Morrison is born.
Mzwakhe Mbatha is born.
1935
The Transvaal Inter-Race Soccer Board is formed by Africans, Indians, and Coloureds.
The Suzman Cup, the first official inter-racial tournament between Africans, Coloureds, and Indians, is established.
1935
Govan Mbeki joins the African National Congress.
1935
February
Sir Syed Reza Ali becomes the new Agent of the Government of India to South Africa.
1935
15 February
The All African Convention (AAC) passes a resolution regarding the abolition of the Cape Native Franchise.
1935
May
Joint Select Committee of Parliament table two measures: the Representation of Native Bill and the Native Trust and the Land Bill.
1935
18 May
The South African Communist Party (SACP) urged people to fight for the retaining of the Cape Native Franchise.
Rev. Z. R. Mahabane's national convention statement appears in the 'Bantu World'
1935
June
The Feetham Commission releases Parts I & II of its report.
1935
June
News report and resolution of the conference called by the Transvaal African Congress.
1935
August
Introduction of pamphlet regarding the Native Bills views.
1935
6 September - 7 September
News report and resolution of the conference of chiefs and leaders in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, which is convened by government.
1935
October
The Feetham Commission releases Part III of its report. The Commission recommends that some 202 acres of land on the Rand be exempted from the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure Act for occupation and ownership by Indians.
1935
December
Calls for a conference of all African organizations by Professor D.D.T. Jabavu results in 400 delegates attending the All-African Convention in Bloemfontein. Albert Luthuli does not attend.
1935
15 December
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu, son of John Tengo Jabavu, Prixley Ka Isaka Seme, and President of the African National Congress (ANC), Africans from different political spectrum and from all sections of South Africa convenes at Community Hall, Bloemfontein. Under the chairmanship of Prof. Jabavu, delegates draft comprehensive resolutions on African grievances and resolve to constitute the All African Convention (AAC), as organised body, which intends to promote African rights through boycotts. The AAC chooses this venue because its historical significance, as it was here on 8 January 1912; the South African National Native Congress (SANNC) was founded. The SANNC was later renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. This happens at the same time that Afrikaners are celebrating the ninety-eighth anniversary of the Voortrekker victory over the Zulus at the Battle off Blood River in 1838.
1935
15 December
The All African Convention delegates arrive on a Sunday morning and register with the local committee at the office of Mr. Thomas. M. Mapikela, Chief Headman of all Bloemfontein locations.
1935
15 December
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu, Prixley Ka Isaka Seme, President of the African National Congress (ANC), Africans from different political spectrums and from all sections of South Africa convene at Community Hall, Bloemfontein. Under the chairmanship of Prof. Jabavu, delegates draft comprehensive resolutions on African grievances and resolve to constitute the All African Convention (AAC), an organised body that intends to promote African rights through boycotts. The AAC chooses Bloemfontein because of its historical significance, as it was here on 8 January 1912 that the South African National Native Congress (SANNC) was founded. (This happens at the same time that Afrikaners are celebrating the ninety-eighth anniversary of the Voortrekker victory over the Zulus at the Battle off Blood River in 1838).
1935
15 December - 18 December
Proceedings and resolutions of the All African Convention (AAC) take place. It is agreed that All African inhabitants of the union to observe Sunday, 19 January 1936 as a day of universal humiliation and intercession in their places of worship, public gatherings. Prayers are to be offered for God's guidance and intervention of the pending disfranchisement of the Cape Natives by the Parliament of South Africa. The following resolutions by Mr. L. T. Mtimkulu is carried out:-That the resolutions on the Representation of Natives Bill and Native Land and Trust Bill be submitted to parliament by a deputation of Africans during the next session of parliament.-The said deputation to present the viewpoint of the AAC held at Bloemfontein on 16 December 1935 at the bar of the House of Assembly.-The deputation is instructed to submit to parliament that in its opinion (AAC), no permanent or peaceful solution of the franchise or land question is possible unless it is the result of mutual agreement between representatives of White and Black races, which is only possible by means of a round-table or similar conference.
1935
15 December
The All African Convention delegates arrives on a Sunday morning and registers with the local committee at the office of Thomas. M. Mapikela, Chief Headman of all Bloemfontein locations.
1935
16 December
The CPSA calls for a united front campaign against the pass laws culminating in the burning of passes throughout the country on December 16, Dingane's Day. Johannes Nkosi and 3 other African workers attending a demonstration in Durban are shot, stabbed and beaten to death by police.
1935
16 December
Afrikaners celebrates ninety-eighth anniversary of their victory over the Zulus.
John Tengo Jabavu and Prixley Isaka Seme and a host of politicians meet in Bloemfontein resolve to constitute the All African Convention (AAC).
Those present at the All African Convention (AAC) are Dr. John Langalibalele Dube, Rev. Z. R. Mahabane, Dr. Alfred Bitini (A.B.) Xuma and Dr. James Sebe (J. S.) Moroka, J. B. Marks, Edwin Mofutsanyane of the Communist Party of South Africa (CP), Clements Kadalie of the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), tribal chiefs (members of the Transkei Bunga), respected church dignitaries, elected members of the Urban Advisory Boards, prominent women, professional men, and representatives of a score of local organisations, including Coloureds from left-wing circles in Cape Town.
The All African Convention's (AAC) discussion focuses on the pending Native Bills, but the most condemnation of the delegates is directed to the entire post-union trend of government policy. The Native Representative Council (NRC). The NRC is regarded as unacceptable. The proposals, which are contained in the Native Trust and Land Bill, are rejected as in inadequate for satisfaction of African demands for land.
The All African Convention (AAC) demands reconsideration of oppressive laws such as the Riotous Assemblies Act, the Native Service Contract Act, Poll Tax Act, and the Pass Laws. John Gomas, a Cape Town Coloured Communist proposes that mass protest meetings be organised throughout South Africa in opposition in opposition of these Acts.
1935
16 December
Those present at the All African Convention (AAC) are Dr. John Langalibalele Dube, Rev. Z. R. Mahabane, Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma and Dr. James Sebe (J.S) Moroka, J. B. Marks, Edwin Mofutsanyane of the Communist Party of South Africa(CPSA), Clements Kadalie of the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), tribal chiefs (members of the Transkei Bunga), respected church dignitaries, elected members of the Urban Advisory Boards, prominent women, professional men, and representatives of a score of local organisations, including Coloureds from left-wing circles in Cape Town.
1935
16 December
The All African Convention's (AAC) discussion focuses on the pending Native Bills, but most of the discussions by the delegates are directed to the entire post-union trend of government policy. The Native Representative Council (NRC). The NRC is regarded as unacceptable. The proposals, which are contained in the Native Trust and Land Bill, are rejected as in unsatisfactory and inadequate regarding demands for African land.
1935
16 December
The All African Convention (AAC) demands reconsideration of oppressive laws such as the Riotous Assemblies Act, the Native Service Contract Act, Poll Tax Act, and the Pass Laws. John Gomas, a Cape Town Coloured Communist proposes that mass protest meetings be organised throughout South Africa in opposition in opposition of these Acts.
1936
FW de Klerk is born in Johannesburg
1936
African voters transferred to a separate roll.
1936
Zainunnisa Cissie Gool founds the National Liberation League, and becomes the first President 1938-1951.
1936
The government sets up a Commission of Inquiry into African education. The Commission points to problems with the system, but virtually nothing is done to improve things.
1936
Dr. Yusuf Dadoo returns to practice in South Africa after obtaining a medical degree in Edinburgh. He subsequently joins the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and is offered a position on the executive of TIC, which he refuses.
1936
Chamberlain Nakasa, brother of Nat Nakasa and compositor and columnist on African affairs in "Indian Views" weekly, starts a monthly journal called New Outlook. The editorial board consists of himself, B. Asher, Dr. Goonam, Farooqi Mehtar and I.C. Meer. A radical journal, New Outlook lasts for a short time. New Outlook is followed by Call, published by H.A. Naidoo, Cassim Amra, D.A. Seedat, George Ponen, A.K.M. Docrat and others who later become active in the Liberal Study Group.
1936
Cape African Voters are removed from the voter's roll.
All African Convention (AAC) deputation led by John Tengo Jabavu meets Prime Minister Barry Hertzog in Cape and expresses its opposition to the Representation of Natives Bill.
I. B. Mbelle alleges that Jan Smuts had said in 1926 that if Natives of the Cape were deprived of the vote, it would be a direct violation of the constitution.
Industrial Conciliation Act No 36:It provides for the registration and regulation of trade unions and employers' organisations, the settlement of disputes between employers and employees, and the regulation of conditions of employment.Repealed by section 56 of the Industrial Conciliation Act No 28 of 19.
The Development Trust and Land Act no 18 of 1936: This Act compliments the Representation of Natives Act of 1936 in that it allows for a further 6.2 million hectares of land to be added to the African reserves under the 1913 Land Act. It also establishes the South African Native Trust, which became the Bantu Trust and then later the Development Trust. The function of the Trust is to acquire and administer all released land. This means that African people are not permitted to own land in their own right.
Neville Edward Alexander is born
Martha Mohlakoane joins the African National Congress (ANC).
Theophilus Kgosikobo Musi is born.
Lionel Davis is born in Cape Town.
The All African Convention's Executive Committee deputation led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T) Jabavu meets with Prime Minister Barry Hertzog and other government officials in Cape Town. Their discussion centres on the acts that were passed in South Africa in 1935. The Act segregates and limits African rights. Hertzog offers a compromise: the retention of the Cape African Franchise but the removal of all registered African voters from the common voter's roll but, instead, they vote for the same candidates as the Whites, on a separate roll which would elect three White members to the Cape Provincial Council.
Prime Minister Barry Hertzog refuses to allow postponement in the passing of some of the Bills and having some of the Act looked at again. The All African Convention (AAC) deputation led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T) Jabavu reaffirms its opposition to the Bills in the strongest possible manner; as it did in its meeting in December 1935.
Selby Msimang, Secretary General of the All African Convention (AAC) expresses his view in an article published in The Crisis. He argues that Parliament and White South Africans have disowned Africans of their belongings and flirted with their loyalty.
Max Yergan is elected All African Convention (AAC)'s secretary of External Affairs having left South Africa for New York.
1936
The Godfrey South African Challenge Cup is established
1936
The All African Convention's Executive Committee deputation led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T) Jabavu meets with Prime Minister Barry Hertzog and other government officials in Cape Town. Their discussion centres around the acts which segregated and limited African rights and were passed in South Africa in 1935. Hertzog offers a compromise: the retention of the Cape African Franchise but the removal of all registered African voters from the common voter's roll where they would vote for the same candidates as the Whites but a separate roll would be established in order to elect three White members to the Cape Provincial Council.
1936
Prime Minister Barry Hertzog refuses to allow postponement in the passing of some of the Bills and having some aspects of the Act looked at again. The All African Convention (AAC) deputation led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T) Jabavu reaffirm its opposition to the Bills in the strongest possible manner as it did in its meeting in December 1935.
1936
Selby Msimang, Secretary General of the All African Convention (AAC) expresses his view in an article published in The Crisis. He argues that Parliament and White South Africans have dispossessed Africans of their belongings and toyed with their loyalty.
1936
It is found that the All African Convention (AAC) has a budget of 100 British Pounds. The bulk of which was spent on printing conference minutes.
1936
Max Yergan is elected All African Convention (AAC)'s secretary of External Affairs after leaving South Africa for New York.
1936
January
The rank the representative of the Indian Government in South Africa is raised from "Agent" to "Agent-General".
1936
18 January
Sir Reza Ali, the Indian Agent-General to South Africa, marries a Hindu, Miss Ponnoosammy. This causes a furor and several Hindu officials and Sorabjee Rustomjee resign from the leadership of Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC). The leadership of the NIC passes to A.I. Kajee and other Muslims.
1936
February
The fifteenth annual conference of the South African Indian Congress is held in Durban and attended by the Indian Agent-General, Sir Reza Ali.
1936
14 February
The All African Convention (AAC) holds a public meeting to clear the air. Here they decide they would not accept any compromise in contravention of the mandate from December 1935 Bloemfontein convention. They also plan to issue a unity resolution outlining the AAC position; but Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the people) beat them by taking their intended press release to the masses before they could do it.
1936
14 February
The All African Convention (AAC) holds a public meeting where they decide they will not accept any compromise regarding the mandate from the December 1935 Bloemfontein convention. They also plan to issue a unity resolution outlining the AAC position; Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the African people) beat them publishing their intended press release to the masses before they could disclose it.
1936
15 February
Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the African people) reports that the delegation that went to Cape Town led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu made a compromise with General Barry Hertzog. Jabavu's acceptance of the separate voters' roll signalled the end of his political career as he lost respect within the All African Convention (AAC) Executive Committee. The blame was laid entirely on him.
1936
15 February
The All African Convention (AAC) passes a resolution regarding the abolition of the Cape Native Franchise.
1936
15 February
Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the African people) reports that the delegation that went to Cape Town led by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu made a compromising agreement with General Barry Hertzog. Jabavu's acceptance of the separate voters' roll signalled the end of his political career as he lost respect within the All African Convention (AAC) Executive Committee. The blame was laid entirely on him.
1936
March
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu issues a statement through the South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) denying that the All African Convention (AAC) did not accept a compromise Bill.
1936
March
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu issues a statement through the South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) denying that the All African Convention (AAC) did not accept a compromise Bill.
1936
18 March
Frederick Willem (F. W.) de Klerk is born in Johannesburg.
1936
April
The Representation of Natives Act no 16 of 1936:The Bills proposed by General Barry Hertzog in the 1920s finally got the two-thirds majority required to be passed into law 1936, when the Development Trust and Land Act (also referred to as the Native Trust and Land Act and Bantu Trust and Land Act) and the Representation of Natives Act are enacted. The Representation of Natives Act essentially strips African people in the Cape of their voting rights and offers instead a limited form of parliamentary representation, through special white representatives. Under this Act, a Natives Representative Council (NRC), which is a purely advisory body, is also created. The NRC could make recommendations to Parliament or the Provincial Councils 'on any legislation regarded as being in the interest of natives'.
1936
April
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu writes to Jan Hofmeyr thanking him for voting against the Representation of Natives in Parliament Bill. The Bill was passed by a vote of 168 to 11.
1936
April
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu writes to Jan Hofmeyr thanking him for voting against the Representation of Natives in Parliament Bill. The Bill was passed by a vote of 168 to 11.
1936
7 April
The Representation of Natives Bill is passed at the joint sitting of parliament. Eleven members of parliament including Jan Hofymeyr votes against the Bill with 169 in support.
1936
May
The Native Trust and Land Bill becomes a law.
1936
28 May
The Minister of the Interior, J.H. Hofmeyr, introduces a Bill to give legal form to the Feetham Commission's recommendations, namely the Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act. The Bill, as amended by the Select Committee comes up for a second reading. The Indian Agent-General, Sir Syed Raza Ali, fearing that a second reading will remove elements favourable to Indians, gives evidence in Parliament favouring voluntary segregation in an attempt to prevent second reading. The South African Indian community is outraged at the suggestion of voluntary segregation.
1936
June
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D.T.) Jabavu delivers a presidential speech at the All African Convention (AAC) two months after the passing of the Native Bills.
The Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) newspaper Umsebenzi (The Worker) backs Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the people) in saying that the All African Convention (AAC) is wasting time on things of less importance. The CPSA sees AAC as a parliament for Africans, and wants action, unity and leadership.
1936
June
The Communist Party newspaper Umsebenzi (The Worker) backs Umteteli wa Bantu (The mouthpiece of the African people) that the All African Convention (AAC) is wasting time on things of less importance. The Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) sees the AAC as a parliament for Africans, and wants action, unity and leadership.
1936
3 June
The 'Programme of Action' which the All African Convention (AAC) adopts is not what the General Secretary Selby Msimang was anticipating. He resigns from the AAC and joins the African National Congress (ANC).
1936
3 June
The 'Programme of Action'ﾝ which the All African Convention (AAC) adopts is not what the General Secretary Selby Msimang was anticipating. He resigns from the AAC and joins the African National Congress (ANC).
1936
16 June
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act, 30/1936
The Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act, 30/1936 is passed.
Minister of Interior empowered to exempt further areas for Indian occupation with possibility of freehold title.
Act accepts policy of segregation. Indians to be confined to separate areas.
Anti-Indian Legislation: Native Representation Act, Act 12 of 1936.
Anti-Indian Legislation: Native Representation Act, Act 34 of 1936.
1936
16 June
The Asiatic Land Tenure Amendment Act, Act No 30 of 1936 is passed. The Act empowers the Minister of the Interior to exempt further areas for Indian occupation with the possibility of freehold title. The Act accepts the policy of segregation whereby Indians are to be confined to separate areas.
1936
29 June
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D.T.) Jabavu addresses the All African Convention (AAC) meeting.
1936
29 June
The All African Convention (AAC) reconvenes two months after the passing of the Native Bills into law. Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T) Jabavu, is elected president of the AAC and address the meeting.
1936
10 July
Representation of Blacks Act No 12:
Removed black voters in the Cape from the common roll and placed them on a separate roll (Dugard 1978: 90). Blacks throughout the Union were then represented by four white senators.
Commenced: 10 July 1936
Repealed by s 15 of the Representation between the Republic of South Africa and self-governing Territories Act No 46 of 1959.
1936
28 August
The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) hosts a banquet to honour a delegation of South African Members of Parliament, led by J.H. Hofmeyr, the Minister of the Interior, to India.
1936
31 August
Development Trust and Land Act No 18:
expanded the reserves to a total of 13, 6 per cent of the land in South Africa and authorised the Department of Bantu Administration and Development to eliminate black spots (black-owned land surrounded by white-owned land) (Horrell 1978: 203). The South African Development Trust (SADT) was established and could, in terms of the Act, acquire land in each of the provinces for black settlement (RRS 1991/92: 381).
Commenced: 31 August 1936
Repealed by Proc R 28 of 1992, 31 March 1992 (phasing out and abolishing the SADT in terms of the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act No 108 of 1991)
1936
31 August
Development Trust and Land Act No 18:It expanded the reserves to a total of 13, 6 per cent of the land in South Africa and authorises the Department of Bantu Administration and Development to eliminate 'black spots' (black-owned land surrounded by white-owned land) (Horrell 1978: 203). The South African Development Trust (SADT) is established and could, in terms of the Act, acquire land in each of the provinces for black settlement (RRS 1991/92: 381).Commences: 31 August 1936. Repealed by Proc R 28 of 1992, 31 March 1992 (phasing out and abolishing the SADT in terms of the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act No 108 of 1991).
1936
19 September
A South African Parliamentary delegation consisting of eleven Members of Parliament, led by J.H. Hofmeyr, Minister of the Interior, arrive in Bombay, India. The visit, solely for the purpose of courtesy and goodwill and not for negotiations, will last 26 days. The delegation consists of J. H. Hofmeyr, Minister of the Interior; J. G. Kemp, Minister of Lands; Members of Parliament J. G. Derbyshire, Dr. N.J. Van der Merwe, Leif Egeland, and M.J. Van den Berg; P. I. Hoogenhout, Secretary of the Interior; P.F. Kincaid, Commissioner for Immigration and Asiatic Affairs; and C. J. Dames and K.V. Penzhorn, the Private Secretaries of the two Ministers.
1936
December
Seth Govind Das, member of the Central Legislative Assembly of India, visits South Africa on behalf of the Indian National Congress and advises Indians not to accept any qualified franchise.
1936
December
Seth Govind Das, member of the Central Legislative Assembly of India, visits South Africa on behalf of the Indian National Congress and advises Indians not to accept any qualified franchise.
1936
December
The All African Convention (AAC) states that:-The AAC hereby expresses its utmost condemnation of the savage and the unprovoked and unwanted attack made by Italy upon Abyssinia (later renamed Ethiopia) and declares as its considered opinion that the ruthless action of Italy can only be regarded as large scale violence against fundamental human rights.-Further the convention sees in this action of Italy a continuation of the game of grab, which the imperialist nations of Europe have played in this continent whereby millions of inhabitants have become deprived of their land, exploited and robbed of their labour.-The convention hereby declares its conviction that imperialism, which has thus resulted in the ruthless destruction of African culture, is an evil force to be exposed, condemned and resisted.The AAC further declares that:The AAC recognises the value and desirability of establishing contacts with Africans and African organisations in other parts of the world. To this end the AAC believes that a call to an international conference of Africans and international people of African descent should receive serious consideration by its Executive Committee.
1936
16 December
The All African Convention (AAC) states that:
-The AAC hereby expresses its utmost condemnation of the savage and the unprovoked and unwanted attack made by Italy upon Abyssinia (later renamed Ethiopia) and declares as its considered opinion that the ruthless action of Italy can only be regarded as large scale violence against fundamental human rights.
-Further the convention sees in this action of Italy a continuation of the game of grab, which the imperialist nations of Europe have played in this continent whereby millions of inhabitants have deprived of their land, exploited and robbed of their labour.
-The convention hereby declares its conviction that imperialism, which has thus resulted in the ruthless destruction of African culture, is an evil force to be exposed, condemned and resisted.
The AAC wishes for:
The All African Convention (AAC) recognises the value and desirability of establishing contacts with Africans and African organisations in other parts of the world. To this end the AAC believes that the call to an international conference of Africans and international people of African descent should receive serious consideration by its Executive Committee.
1937
Industrial Conciliation Act No 36:
Provided for the registration and regulation of trade unions and employers organisations, the settlement of disputes between employers and employees, and the regulation of conditions of employment.
Repealed by s 56 of the Industrial Conciliation Act No 28 of 1956
1937
Black (Native) Laws Amendment Act No 46:
Prohibited acquisition of land in urban areas by blacks from non-blacks except with the Governor-Generals consent (Horrell 1978: 3).
Commenced: 1 January 1938
Sections repealed by the Abolition of Influx Control Act No 68 of 1986 and the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act No 108 of 1991. The only section remaining in force is s 36, which amended s 7 of the Agricultural Holdings (Transvaal) Registration Act 22 of 1919 and has no discriminatory implications.
1937
Very strict regulations are introduced regarding the urbanisation of women as part of influx control.
1937
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Marketing and Unbeneficial Land Occupation Act 26/1937
This Act debars Indians from holding seats on regulatory boards. It also controls imports and exports to South Africa.
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Native Administration Amendment Act 9/37
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Industrial Conciliation Act 36/1937.
This Act introduces the colour bar in trade unions.
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure (Further Amendment) Act, 1937.
Indians are prohibited from employing whites.
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Immigration Amendment Act.
Children born outside of South Africa are deprived of rights enjoyed by South African Indians.
1937
The twenty-fifth year of the African National Congress (ANC) marks the beginning of a transitional period in African politics. The ANC begins slowly to revive while continuing to employ tactics of representation through resolutions, deputations and meetings.
Black (Native) Laws Amendment Act No 46:
Prohibits the acquisition of land in urban areas by blacks from Whites except with the Governor-General's consent (Horrell 1978: 3).
Commences: 1 January 1938
Sections repeals by the Abolition of Influx Control Act No 68 of 1986 and the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act No 108 of 1991. The only section remaining in force is section 36, which amends section 7 of the Agricultural Holdings (Transvaal) Registration Act 22 of 1919 and has no discriminatory implications
Frederick John Harris is born.
Ezrom Kgobonyane Sebata Legae is born in Vrededorp, Johannesburg.
Dan Rakgoathe is born in Randfontein, Gauteng.
Andrew Clement Verster is born.
1937
Orlando Pirates is founded.
The SAAFA's (South African African Football Association) Bakers Cup is renamed the Moroka-Baloyi Cup.
1937
January
Sir Syed Reza Ali, Indian Agent-General, advises Indians to accept qualified franchise. This is contrary to advice given by Seth Govind Das and indicates the division between the Indian Government (colnial and British-controlled) and the Indian National Congress, comprised of people like Gandhi, Nehru, Seth Govind Das and Sarojini Naidu.
The Marketing Act, Act No. 26 of 1937 debars Indians from holding seats on regulatory boards. While the Marketing Bill was still under Parliamentary discussion, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) sent a deputation to the Minister of Agriculture, Deneys Reitz, in protest, but to no avail.
The Native Administration Amendment Act, Act No. 9 of 1937 prohibits Indians and other persons of colour from employing whites.
The Industrial Conciliation Act, Act No. 36 of 1937 introduces the colour bar in trade unions.
Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure (Further Amendment) Act of 1937 is passed.
1937
1 February
Aliens Act No 1:
Restricted and regulated the entry of certain aliens into the Union and regulated the right of any person to assume a surname.
Commenced: 1 February 1937
Repealed by s 33 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act No 51 of 1992.
1937
1 February
Aliens Act No 1:
Restricts and regulates the entry of certain aliens into the Union and regulates the right of any person to assume a surname.Commences: 1 February 1937Repealed by section 33 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act No 51 of 1992.
1937
22 February
JJ Pienaar (United Party) and JH Grobler introduce 3 Bills:
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Mixed Marriages Bill.
This Bill aims to prohibit marriage between Asiatics, Europeans and Africans. It is not passed, but a Mixed Marriages Commission is appointed.
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Provincial Legislative Powers Extension Bill
This Bill aims to refuse trading licenses to non-Europeans who employ white people.
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Transvaal Asiatic Land Bill.
This Bill aims to deny right of owning property to any white woman married to a non-European.
1937
22 February
J.J. Pienaar and J.H. Grobler of the United Party introduce three Bills of discriminatory aim to the South African parliament:
1.The Mixed Marriages Bill aims to prohibit marriage between Asiatics, Europeans and Africans. In the event, the Bill is not passed, but a Mixed Marriages Commission is appointed.
2.The Provincial Legislative Powers Extension Bill aims to refuse trading licenses to non-Europeans who employ white people. The Bill is later passed as the Native Administration Amendment Act, Act 9 of 1937.
3.The Transvaal Asiatic Land Bill aims to deny the right of owning property to any white woman married to a non-European. The Bill is later passed as the Transvaal Asiatic Land Tenure (Further Amendment) Act of 1937.
The Pienaar-Grobler Bills elicit strong protests from the South African Indian Congress (SAIC). At the same time, Indian Congress members of the Legislative Assembly in India question the Indian Government (at this stage still a colonial government under British control) on what it is doing to safeguard rights of Indians in South Africa. The Indian Agent'General is to present the Indian Government's viewpoint to the South African Parliamentary Select Committee, but the Agent-General and Indian Government is considered ineffective by SA Indians.
1937
June
The 1936 Representation of Natives Act is the recognised and accepted mouthpiece of Africans in their various representative state chambers.
1937
June
The All African Convention (AAC) recognises the 1936 Representation of Native Act as the accepted mouthpiece for Africans in their various representative state chambers.
1937
December
Delegates at the All African Convention (AAC) representing thirty-nine organisations adopt a constitution calling for the affiliation of all African religious, educational, industrial, economic, political, commercial and social organisations within its ranks.
Executive Committee issues the policy of All African Convention (AAC)
Constitution of the All African Convention (AAC) is drafted
Delegates of the All African Convention (AAC) representing thirty-nine organisations, including three provincial sections of the African National Congress (ANC) adopts a constitution which invites the affiliation of all African religions, educational, industrial, economic, political, commercial and organisations.
The All African Convention (AAC) constitution is ratified. The AAC decides to meet every three years.
The Third All African Convention (AAC) conference to promote the interests of Blacks convenes in Bloemfontein. Only 130 members attend a far cry from the 400 delegates that attended AAC's first meeting in 1935.
Professor Z. K. Matthews favours the disenfranchising of all Africans in order to promote unity. Matthews remains a member of the All African Convention (AAC) until 1943.
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu is re-elected president of the All African Convention (AAC).
P. Mda dismisses the All African Convention as devoid of substance and inspiration.
Dr. Alfred. Bitini (A. B.) Xuma, Vice-President of the All African Convention (AAC) states that, 'Anyone who will endeavour to wreck the principle of unity that gave birth to the All African Convention will be doing so for personal reasons and will be a traitor to Africa'. Yet the AAC is not united within.
Despite internal conflict, the All African Convention (AAC) proclaims itself the voice of Africans. It devotes itself to act in unity in developing political and economic power.
1937
December
Delegates of the All African Convention (AAC), representing thirty-nine organisations - including three provincial sections of the African National Congress (ANC) - adopts a constitution which invites the affiliation of all African religions, educational, industrial, economic, political and commercial organisations.
1937
December
The Executive Committee of the All African Convention (AAC) issues a statement regarding its policy.
1937
December
Constitution of the All African Convention (AAC) is drafted.
1937
December
The All African Convention (AAC) constitution is ratified. The AAC decides to meet every three years.
1937
December
The Third All African Convention (AAC) to promote the interests of Blacks convenes in Bloemfontein. Only 130 attend, a far cry from the 400 delegates that attended AAC's first meeting in 1935.
1937
December
Z. K. Matthews favours the disenfranchising of all Africans in order to promote unity. Matthews remains a member of the All African Convention (AAC) until 1943.
1937
December
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu is re-elected president of the All African Convention (AAC).
1937
December
A. P. Mda dismisses the ALL African Convention as devoid of substance and inspiration.
1937
December
Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma, Vice-President of the All African Convention states that anyone who will endeavour to wreck the principle of unity that gave birth to the All African Convention will be doing so for personal reasons and will be a traitor to Africa. Yet the AAC has a lot of internal conflict.
1937
December
Despite the conflict, the All African Convention (AAC) proclaims itself the voice of Africans. It devotes itself to act in unity in developing political and economic power.
1937
11 December
Adriaan Johannes Vlok is born in Sutherland, Cape Town.
1938
Sarah Carneson works for National Union of Distributive Workers and is secretary of the Tobacco workers Union.
1938
Cissie Gool represents District Six on the Cape Town City Council. She is the only woman Councillor for many years and the first coloured woman to sit on the council. She serves on the council until 1951
1938
Phyllis, ten years old, accompanies her father to an Institute of Race
Relations Conference where she is deeply disturbed at a reference to an African man as boy.
1938
Albert Luthuli visits India as one of several delegates to the International Missionary Conference in Tambaram, Madras, India.
1938
Govan Mbeki receives a telegram about a job offer from the Clakesburg Institute, a Teacher Training College in Transkei.
1938
February
The Indian Agent-General in South Africa, Sir Syed Raza Ali, returns to India. The new Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, arrives in May.
The Commission on Mixed Marriages, under the chairmanship of Mr Charles de Villiers, is appointed to investigate the issue of mixed marriages. In its report, the Commission later found no justification for legislation to prevent the White or Cape Malay wives of Asiatics from owning property, but recommended legislation prohibiting marriages between Whites and Blacks.
1938
3 February
The Transvaal Asiatic Land Laws Commission is appointed to report on the evasions of Asiatics of restrictive measures concerning the use, occupation and ownership of land. At a conference called by the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC), a proposal "to offer cooperation" to the Transvaal Asiatic Land Laws Commission is defeated by 56 votes to 44 due to opposition by Dr. Yusuf Dadoo and others.
1938
April
The Coloured National Liberation League convenes a conference in Cape Town. At the conference, African, Coloured and Indian delegates representing 45 organisations decide to form to form the Non-European United Front (NEUF). Cissie Gool is elected President. Subsequently, a branch of the NEUF is formed in the Transvaal with Ebrahim Asvat as President, Dr. Yusuf Dadoo as secretary and includes J.B. Marks and others.
1938
April - May
The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) is revitalised after former members, who resigned from the NIC following the former Indian Agent-General, Sir Syed Raza Ali's marriage, rejoins the Congress.
1938
18 April
The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (CBSIA) meet to hammer out an agreement on reconciliation.
1938
30 April
The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (CBSIA) both hold special meetings to discuss a merger of the two organisations.
1938
May
Sir Benegal Rama Rau, the new Indian Agent-General, arrives in South Africa. He would remain in office until April 1941. He immediately begins work to bring the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (CBSIA) together in Natal.
1938
1 May
Swami Bhawani Dayal is elected President of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) - the first Hindu to be elected as NIC President since the formation of NIC in 1894.
1938
4 May
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Asiatics (Transvaal Land and Trading) Bill
The Union Government introduces the Asiatics (Transvaal Land and Trading) Bill , which provides protection of Indians in exempted areas for two years; certificates for trading licences to be authorized by Minister of Interior; Asiatics not allowed to appoint nominees to buy land and obtain trading licences on their behalf.
1938
4 May
The Union Government introduces the Asiatic (Transvaal Land and Trading) Bill, which provides for the protection of Indians in exempted areas for two years and for certificates for trading licences to be authorised by the Minister of Interior. Asiatics are not allowed to appoint nominees to buy land and obtain trading licences on their behalf. The Bill elicits protests from India, but eventually becomes law as the Asiatics (Transvaal Land and Trading) Act, Act No. 28 of 1939.
1938
June
The Minister of the Interior, Mr Stattaford, announces the Servitude Scheme after meeting with a deputation from the conference of the Pretoria Ratepayers' Associations. He informs the deputation that ''he would propose to the Government that legislation be introduced providing that, in cases where sixty per cent or more of the owners of property desired it, servitudes in respect of such properties be registered free of charge to prohibit the sale to, or hire of such properties by, Indians' (Muthal, Tyranny of Colour: 232).
1938
15 November
Ronald Kastrils is born in Yeoville, Johannesburg.
1938
December
The unity of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (CBSIA) is short-lived. A.I. Kajee and Swami Bhawani Dayal re-establish the NIC.
1938
9 December - 10 December
The Natal Indian Congress (NIC) Conference passes resolutions regarding penetration, industrial legislation, education, social welfare and trade. Government attitudes and actions are severely criticised.
1939
James Calata tours the union in the hope that dormant ANC branches could be revived.
1939
The Non-European Front is formed.
1939
Fietas, Johannesburg:The Asiatic Land Tenure and Trading Act is passed. This Act states that Indians may only live where they had lived prior to 30 May 1939, and that they may continue to live where coloured people occupied land before 30 May 1939.
1939
Fietas, Johannesburg:'Coloured people start rent boycotts against slumlords in Pageview. They voluntarily moved to the Coronation Township and Albertsville.
1939
Hertzog and Smuts differed violently on joining the war.
Hertzog reunited with Malan in the Nationalist Party returned to power, though with a minority of votes.
1939
Aliens Registration Act No 26:
Provided for the registration and control of aliens.
Assent gained: 14 June 1939; commencement date not found.
Repealed by s 60 of the Aliens Control Act No 96 of 1991
1939
Govan Mbeki publishes 'Transkei in the Making' a work of political analysis which is deeply critical of the system of local government in the Transkei.
1939
March
Dr Yusuf Dadoo forms the Nationalist Bloc in the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC).
1939
1 March
The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) calls a meeting called to protest latest anti-Indian measures (including the proposed servitude scheme of the Minister of the Interior, Mr Richard Stuttaford). The meeting is attended by one thousand people - a large number as the total Indian population of Transvaal numbers only about 25,000 at this time. S. M. Nana, the secretary of the TIC, moves a resolution to protest the proposed anti-Asian measures. Dr Yusuf Dadoo moves an amendment to declare a definite policy of Passive Resistance and to set up a Council of Action to devise ways and means to start a passive resistance campaign if the servitude scheme is introduced in Parliament. He also calls for cooperation with other non-white organisations. The amendment receives a large majority, but there is heated dispute as to whether the amendment has been carried. The older group of the TIC opposes vigorous measures of protest in the hope that the Feetham recommendations will be accepted by parliament. Nana offers to resign, but the President, M.E. Valod, declares that no passive resistance Council of Action will be set up.
1939
April
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, an Indian philosopher and statesman, visits South Africa.
The first national conference of the Non-European United Front (NEUF) is held in Cape Town. The national committee of the NEUF includes:
Mrs. Zainunnissa (Cissie) Gool, Chairperson
Moses Kotane, Secretary
R.G. Baloyi, Senior Vice-President
W.H. Andrews, Treasurer
H.A. Naidoo
Yusuf Dadoo
The Conference is attended by 125 delegates representing 83 organisations, including trade unions, religious, social, sporting and civic bodies. Officers of the Natal branch of the NEUF, formed subsequent to the Conference, include Cassim Amra, D.A. Seedat and Dr. Goonam.
1939
7 May
A mass meeting of Indians, organised by the Nationalist Bloc of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC), is held at Patidar Hall, Johannesburg, under the Chairmanship of E.I. Asvat, and attended by 3,000 people. Dr. Yusuf Dadoo is elected to lead Passive Resistance against what becomes the Asiatic (Transvaal Land and Trading) Act of 1939. The meeting maintains that the Union government's proposal for Indians is linked to an acceptance of segregation and 'pegging legislation'. A Passive Resistance Council of 25 persons is appointed for the campaign.
1939
4 June
The Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) leadership calls another protest meeting and gangs of thugs appear with lethal weapons. They begin beating members of the Nationalist Bloc. Dr. Yusuf Dadoo escapes narrowly and one of his supporters, Dahyabhai (Dayabhai) Govindji, is disembowelled and dies on 8 June. Nine other persons are injured ' four seriously 'and hospitalised. All those injured are supporters of the Nationalist Bloc. The five Indians arrested by the police in connection with this incident are relatives of S. M. Nana and A.I. Kajee. One is an executive member of the TIC. The accused are released on bail, but the Attorney-General withdraws charges against them after the magistrate commits them for trial. The funeral of the victim becomes a major political event, drawing thousands of people. The violence leads to revulsion against the Valod-Nana group in the TIC leadership and Transvaal Indian support swings to Dadoo.
1939
9 July
At a meeting of 6,000 Indians, held at the Indian Sports Ground in Johannesburg under the chairmanship of E. I. Asvat, a decision is taken to launch the Passive Resistance Campaign (as decided upon at the earlier meeting of 7 May) on 1 August. A Council of Action for the campaign is set up with Dr. Yusuf Dadoo as Chairman. India declares its support for the intended the campaign of Passive Resistance.
1939
19 July
Mahatma Gandhi sends a telegram to Dr. Yusuf Dadoo suggesting the postponement of the intended Passive Resistance Campaign.
1939
23 July
To show the solidarity of Natal Indians with the intended Passive Resistance Campaign in the Transvaal, a mass meeting is organised mainly by leaders of the Colonial Born and Settlers Indian Association (CBSIA). However, passive resistance is later postponed following the earlier request of Mahatma Gandhi, who believes that a honourable settlement can be achieved.
1939
29 July
Recruitment of Indians into the South African Defence Force (SADF) begins under Colonel Morris.
1939
19 August
The Mixed Marriages Commission, under the Chairmanship of Mr Charles de Villiers, releases its report and recommends that a law be introduced that would make mixed marriages impossible and illicit miscegenation punishable.
1939
22 August
The Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, convenes another meeting of representatives of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and the Colonial Born and Settlers Indian Association (CBSIA) in a fresh attempt to achieve reconciliation between the two factions.
1939
1 September
Germany invades Poland and the Second World War commences when Britain declares war on Germany on 3 September.
1939
4 September
General J.C. Smuts becomes the new South African Prime Minister after Parliament narrowly approves his motion that South Africa should enter the Second World War on the side of Britain and the Allies. In India, the Indian Congress remains opposed to Indian involvement in the war, and links the supporting of Britain in the war to India's independence. Lord Linlithgow, Viceroy of India, states that dominion status is the goal of constitutional development and that action in this regard is to be taken after the war. In South Africa, South Africa's participation in the war also causes division in Indian ranks.
1939
October
In an attempt to get Black support for the South African war effort, the Union Government tones down segregationist rhetoric and decides not to proceed with anti-Indian legislation during the Second World War. Following an 'informal understanding' between Mr H.G. Lawrence, the new Minister of the Interior, and Sir Benegal Rama Rau, the Indian Agent-General, the Union Government further indicates that an inquiry will be made to establish the extent of Indian penetration of de facto White areas, and that the cooperation of the Indian community was required to ensure that the status quo is maintained and that no new cases of penetration would take place.
1939
8 October
At a public meeting of 2,000 people in Durban, the Indian philosopher and statesman, Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, reconciles the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) and Colonial Born and Settlers' Indian Association (CBSIA) members to form the Natal Indian Association (NIA). Hajee A.M.M. Lockhat elected President, and Sorabjee Rustomjee and P.R. Pather secretaries. The name of the new organisation is cleared with Gandhi. The NIA is backed mainly by leaders of the CBSIA and the radicals in the NIC. However, once again this unity proves to be short-lived. A group headed by A.I. Kajee and Swami Bhawani Dayal does not recognise the decision of the NIC to unite with the CBSIA and declines positions in the NIA.
1939
November
The executive of the newly formed Natal Indian Association (NIA) decides to cooperate with the envisaged Lawrence Committee, which, in conjunction with the Durban City Council, shall investigate and regulate the acquisition of property in Durban by Indians.
1940
Dr. A.B. Xuma is elected President-General of the African national Congress(ANC).
1940
Walter Sisulu joins the African National Congress.
1940 - 1965
Fietas, Johannesburg: The name Fietas refers to this period in history.
1940
The population of Pageview is largely Indian and the area starts developing an Indian character. Mosques, temples and churches are established and the 14th Street shopping Mecca becomes popular.
1940
Cissie Gool becomes president of the Non-European United Front (NEUF).
1940
Hilda Bernstein joins the Communist Party.
Josie Palmer becomes a member of the CPSAs Johannesburg Committee
1940
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Asiatic Land and Trading (Transvaal) Act passed. It extends the 1939 law for two years but makes some concessions based on the Feetham Commission report, providing some security for the richer Indians.
Some areas exempted from the provisions of the Gold Law in Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Klerksdorp and Roodepoort. It allows land to be transferred to Asiatics in the Malay location of Johannesburg and the Nigel Bazaar.
1940
(edit) Elected to SRC at Fort Hare. Becomes embroiled in general student dissatisfaction with boarding house food and very low SRC poll. Because of this he follows his conscience and resigns. Both Nelson Mandela and Justice Bambalanga are expelled.
1940
The Inter Race Soccer Board organises a few games between the various racially divided soccer associations.
A referee is killed by spectators at the Bantu Sports Club, Johannesburg.
1940
Z. K. Matthews joins the African National Congress (ANC).
1940
January
A meeting is held between the Nationalist Bloc, Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) leadership and the Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, to unite the Indian political factions in the Transvaal. However, the meeting ends in failure.
1940
4 January
Govan Mbeki marries Ma Mofokeng.
1940
February
The decision of the Natal Indian Association (NIA) executive to cooperate with the Lawrence Committee in controlling the purchases of property by Indians in Durban is ratified by the NIA's general body. The NIA's decision to cooperate with the Committee is largely thanks to the persuasive influence of the efforts of the Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, who stresses that the Committee will provide an opportunity to discuss Indian housing problems and the need for proper amenities in the predominantly Indian-occupied areas, as well as the need for good alternate residential areas for the Indian middle class.
1940
4 February
The A.I. Kajee group declares that the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) is still in existence and that the procedures followed during the amalgamation of the NIC with the Colonial Born and Settlers Indian Association (CBSIA) were wrong. The depleted NIC, under the leadership of Kajee, strongly opposes the decision of the Natal Indian Association (NIA) to cooperate with the Lawrence Committee, arguing that it constitutes Indian acceptance of voluntary segregation. However, this stance is ironic, since Kajee in 1936 gave a similar assurance to the Natal Municipal Association.
1940
14 March
The Lawrence Committee, named after the Minister of the Interior, H.G. Lawrence, who initiated it, holds its inaugural meeting in Durban. The Committee consists of Mr R. Ellis-Brown (the Mayor of Durban), H.G. Capell, T. Kinloch, W.E. Knight, D.G. Shepstone and J.M. Harris as representatives of the Durban City Council; and six representatives of the Natal Indian Association (NIA), namely A. Christopher, Godfrey, A.S. Kajee, P.B. Singh, Sorabjee Rustomjee and P.R. Pather. The Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, also attends the inaugural meeting.
1940
15 May
The Indian Penetration Commission, under the chairmanship of Justice F.N. Broome, is appointed to investigate and report on the extent of Indian residential and trading penetration of predominantly White areas in the Transvaal and Natal since 1 January 1927 (the date of the Cape Town Agreement).
1940
June
Following a decision taken at a mass meeting of the Natal Indian Association (NIA) on 9 June, the Indian Service Corps is formed to provide transport, medical, hygiene and ambulance services in support of the South African Second World War effort.
The depleted Natal Indian Congress (also known as the A.I. Kajee group), with E.M. Paruk as president, holds a general meeting in Durban. The meeting is attended by 1,400 people.
1940
9 June
At a mass meeting of the Natal Indian Association (NIA), the NIA leadership (backed by the Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau) declares its support for the Union Government's war effort, but demands that there should be full equality between White, Black, Indian and Coloured troops and other staff in the armed services and that democratic rights be extended. However, this decision is far from unanimous, as the NIA leadership is split between those who support the South African war effort and those opposed. Those opposed to the South African war effort, known as the radicals, demand that equal democratic rights first be extended to the disenfranchised population groups in South Africa, before they are expected to support and participate in the war effort. Strongly disagreeing with the NIA's decision to support the South African war effort and further opposed to the Association's cooperation with the Lawrence Committee on Indian penetration in the predominantly White areas of Durban, the radicals in the NIA form the Nationalist Bloc. In reaction to these developments, the NIA expels seven of the radicals, including H.A. Naidoo, D. Seedat, George Singh, G.M. Naicker, and Cassim Amra.
1940
July
The Executive Committee of the All African Convention (AAC) and the African National Congress (ANC) meet and pass a resolution regarding World War II. They sympathise with the British Commonwealth and urge the South African government to give full recognition to the Africans participating in the war.
1940
29 July
Recruiting for the Indian Service Corps (mechanical and transport section) begins under Colonel Morris. In a later confidential report, Colonel Morris highly praises the efforts of the Natal Indian Association (NIA), and especially that of A. Christopher, P.R. Pather, S.R. Naidoo and S. Rustomjee, each of whom had spent ten hours daily in assisting the recruiting programme. In the report, he gives the following examples of the contribution made by the NIA's war committee: They provided premises free of charge to the Durban recruiting office; contributed £100 to the Regimental Funds; presented the Indian Services Corps with five motor cars to assist in the instruction of drivers; supplied free hot meals to those attested and waiting for enrolment; provided blankets for all recruits proceeding to Johannesburg; organised a gifts and comforts committee; and offered to supply a musical band without charge.
1940
20 September
The Indian Agent-General, Sir Benegal Rama Rau, reluctantly admits that the recruitment drive under Indians in Natal for the South African Indian Service Corps (established to provide transport, medical, hygiene and ambulance services in support of the South African Second World War effort) has been a failure mainly due to the anti-war activities of the Nationalist Bloc in Natal.
1940
December
The All African Convention convenes with sixty delegates. The delegates include Rheinallt Jones, who was elected to the senate representing Africans in the Transvaal in 1937.
1940
December
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu refuses to give his opinion regarding World War II.
1940
December
At the top of the Agenda is All African Convention (AAC) and African National Congress (ANC) relationship. There is an overlap in membership. Z. R. Mahabane replaces Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma as president of the AAC and Mahabane replaces Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma as vice president of the ANC. The two organisations reach an agreement that the ANC shall confine itself to the political aspirations and constitutional rights of the Africans and other cognate matters while the AAC shall be the co-ordinating and consultative committee of African National organisations dealing with social, educational, economic, political and industrial matters.
1941
Council for Non-European Trade Unions founded.
1941
ANC call for racial unity in a statement made by Dr. A.B. Xuma in Inkululeko.
1941
The African Mine Workers Union is formed.
1941
Fietas, Johannesburg: Recommendations of the Feetham Commission are accepted.
1941
ANC makes a resolution at a congress that the women's section of the congress be revived.
1941
(edit) At age 23 Mandela rejects the bride chosen for him by the regent. This clash brings their family relationship to a head and he sets out with Justice for Johannesburg, then only 55 years old, but a major city in Africa. Mandela and Bambilanga find temporary accommodation on Crown Mines with a "home boy" who is an induna on the compound.
Nelson Mandela is employed as a nightwatchman on mine compound. Exposed to exploitation there, but remains aloof from politics. Meets Walter Sisulu for the first time and starts to work in his estate agency.
1941
Formation of the Council of Non-European Trade Unions (Transvaal) (CNETU).
Formation of the African Mine Workers Union.
1941
Govan and Ma Mofokeng have their first-born child Linda.
1941
Soon after I. B. Tabata's criticism of the AAC, Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma vice president of AAC in his presidential address states that the African National Congress (ANC) bears part of the blame of the AAC's weakness. He further mentions that the AAC has burdened itself with a federal constitution, meetings every three years and has made no attempt to establish any branches of the main organisation.
1941
April
The African National Congress Youth League is formally constituted.
1941
December
I. B. Tabata at the All African Convention (AAC) special session criticises the Natives' Representative Council, which he dismisses as a 'a complete dud'. neither Native nor Representative nor Council.' He calls it the White representatives of Africans in parliament, who pled for Africans in the same way that any White liberal, churchman or Joint Council pleads. Tabata describes the AAC as an organisation without strong leadership. Despite his lack of trust in the AAC's old guard, Tabata has faith in the AAC's potential to become the legitimate parliament of the African people' more legitimate than the African National Congress (ANC)
1942
Government starts relaxing influx control measures.
1942
Sonia (Isaacman) Bunting joins the Communist Party
1942
(edit) Articled to a firm of attorneys ' Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, Mandela moves in with his mother in Orlando. Lived in 'Dark City', the poorest section of Alexandra township, with no electricity. Broadened his Xhosa perspective by exposure to Sotho-, Swazi-, Zulu-, etc. speaking people. Meets Gaur Radebe, a communist employed by the firm, who urges him to join the party. Nelson Mandela completes a BA degree through correspondence.
1942
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu criticises the format that the All African Convention uses for the election of its leadership.
1942
18 June
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki is born in Idutywa district in the Transkei.Thabo is the second child of Govan Mbeki and Ma Mofokeng.
1943
The ANC draws up a Bill of Rights based on the Atlantic Charter drafted by Churchill and Roosevelt.
1943
The ANC Womens League is formed.
1943
The ANC Women's League is formed as women are officially admitted as ANC members.
1943
Pegging Act restricting right of Asiatics to acquire land passed by Natal.
1943
Hilda Bernstein, becomes Johannesburg City Councillor only Communist elected to public office.
1943
(edit) Nelson Mandela enrolls at the University of the Witwatersrand Law Faculty. He meets students of all races and is exposed to radical liberal and Africanist thought, as well as racism directed at him personally. He joins the bus boycott organized by Gaur Radebe.
1943
23 February
Fietas, Johannesburg: The area is officially named Pageview in honour of the then Mayor of Johannesburg, Mr. J.J. Page. Up to this point the area had become known as Fietas.
1943
March
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Indian Reciprocity Act passed in New Delhi by Central Legislative Assembly. Imposes same restrictions on South African Europeans in India as imposed on South African Indians in South Africa.
1943 - 1944
April
The ANC Youth League formed at an inaugural meeting in Johannesburg.
Anton Lembede elected President and Nelson Mandela Secretary.
(The ANC annual conferences in 1942 and 1943 decided on establishing a youth league of ANC).
1943
7 April
Anti-Indian Legislation: Trading and Occupation of Land (Transvaal and Natal) (Pegging Act).
The Draft Bill for the Trading and Occupation of Land (Transvaal and Natal) (Pegging Act) is presented. This Bill places restrictions on trading and occupation of land by Asiatics in Transvaal and restrictions on acquisition and occupation of land in Natal.
The following measures taken while Bill is debated in Parliament.
i) The Interim Act , Asiatics (Transvaal Land and Trading) Act 28/1939, amended in Act 28/1941 and extended to 1943, renewed for further period of three years to 31 March 1946.
ii) In Durban the position is to be pegged. No Indian is permitted to occupy or acquire property occupied or owned by a European before 22 March 1943. Europeans prohibited from acquiring property owned by Indians. Provisions to continue until 31 March 1946.
1943
22 April
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Pegging Act goes to Senate.
1943
May
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Asiatic Trading and Occupation of Land (Natal and Transvaal) Act (the Pegging Act) becomes law.
1943
June
I. B. Tabata issues a statement calling all Africans, extending his invitation to Coloureds and Indians, an AAC conference in December 1943. the invitation is extended to other races as a show of unity against the oppressive White government.
1943
July
The All African Convention (AAC) of the Western Province drafts a manifesto.
1943
6 July
I. B. Tabata requests Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu to attend a meeting AAC of the Western Province in Cape Town to discuss the manifesto.
1943
11 July
The All African Convention (AAC) of Western Province takes place.
1943
August
This manifesto is redrafted as ' A Call to unity.'
1943
September
Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu sends a copy of the manifesto to Rheinallt Jones.
1943
November
Rumours that Dr. Alfred Bitini (A. B.) Xuma is to quit the All African Convention (AAC) are rife.
1943
December
Seventy-two delegates, including Indians and Coloureds attend the All African Convention (AAC). It coincides with the first meeting of the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM). The meeting of the two organisations takes place in Bloemfontein and is chaired by Professor Davidson Don Tengo (D. D. T.) Jabavu.
1943
16 December
ANC annual conference presents the African Claims in South Africa.
1943
16 December
Backed by AAC secretary, T. I. N. Sodlo and the Anti-Coloured Affairs Department member Janub Gool, I. B. Tabata protests that the AAC should be recognised as the official mouthpiece of the Non-European community. Delegates at the convention urge the African National Congress (ANC) in the name of unity to come back to the AAC so that the unity that was demonstrated in 1935 and continued in 1941 should be recovered and improved upon.
1944
The congresss young radicals form the ANC Youth League, a shift from the passive resistance tactics that were used in the past.
1944
Adelaide Tambo becomes courier for the ANC.
Josie Palmer works with the National Anti-Pass Council.
1944
Phylliss teacher Mr H.W.Stead introduces her to FOSA (Friends of the Sick Association), she begins volunteer work for the children of TB patients: making and collecting clothes
1944
Albert Luthuli joins the African National Congress.
1944
(edit) Nelson Mandela marries Evelyn Mase, Walter Sisulu's cousin, a nurse and a 'home girl'. They set up home with Evelyn's married sister. The writer Es'kia Mphalele is their neighbour.
Nelson Mandela joins the African National Congress and at 25, Mandela is committed to ANC politics. Nelson Mandela, Anton Lembede, A.P. Mda, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu found the ANC Youth League and adopt an Africanist position and militant orientation which rejects participation in advisory boards and the Native Representative Council. Anton Lembede is elected President of the Youth League.
1944
The African National Congress sponsors the first soccer match at the Bantu Sports Club.
1944
2 April
African National Congress Youth League is co-founded by Muziwakhe Anton Lembede, its first president.
1944
7 May
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Residential Property Regulation Draft Ordinance
Natal Provincial Select Committee introduces a new Ordinance called the Residential Property Regulation Draft Ordinance, one of four ordinances designed to relegate Indians to certain specific areas.
The other three ordinances are:
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Natal Housing Board Ordinance
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Provincial Local Authorities Expropriation Ordinance
Anti-Indian Legislation: The Town Planning Ordinance.
All four ordinances are passed.
1944
7 July
The All African Convention (AAC) meets in Johannesburg.
1944
August
Fietas, Johannesburg: The Johannesburg City Council buys land in the Diepkloof area with the intention of developing an Indian area.
1944
24 August
Fietas, Johannesburg: Indian representatives declared that the area near Diepkloof is acceptable to the Indian community
in a meeting with the Minister of the Interior. They also pledge the full support of Indians for the scheme.
1944
17 October
Fietas, Johannesburg: The Johannesburg City Council meets and approves a detailed report regarding the Western Areas Scheme. This scheme involved the conversion of Newclare, Western Native Township and the southern part of Claremont to Coloured townships, and the removal of residents to Orlando, and the rezoning of Martindale and Sophiatown.
1944
25 October
Fietas, Johannesburg: The above-mentioned resolution is conveyed to the Johannesburg City Council in the form of a letter.
1944
20 November
Fietas, Johannesburg: The Transvaal Indian Congress passes a resolution objecting to the statement made on 17 October.
1945
African Claims in South Africa are presented at the ANCs annual conference.
1945
Albert Luthuli is elected to the Executive Committee of the Natal Provincial Division of the African National Congress.
1945
The fifth Pan-African Congress is held in Manchester, England, shortly after World War II. This a critical event in exposing African scholars to ideas and strategies on seeking independence for African colonies using Black Consciousness ideology. The theme of the congress covers an end to colonial rule and political independence.
1945
Govan Mbeki and Ma Mofokeng give birth to their third born child Moeletsi.
1945
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